3. (4) Hispanic/Latina women would be more satisfied with their skin tone than women in other racial or ethnic categories. Race And Ethnicity : Modern Psychological Research Is Not Inclusive Enough For Modern America; Race And Ethnicity : Racial And Ethnic Characteristics; Race And Ethnicity : The Criminal Justice System; Race And Ethnicity : The Problem Of Discrimination; Race and Ethnicity According to Anthropologists However, body appreciation did not differ significantly by race and ethnicity [F(4, 488) = 1.31, p = .267]. Many studies exploring body satisfaction of women rely on college-age young adults as their sample, as transition into young adulthood is a time of significant identity development and considered a relevant time to assess identification with certain beauty ideals (Cotter et al., 2015). This essay on Race and Ethnicity was written and submitted by your fellow student. We recruited white women by posting on subreddits specifically related to women. Using Reddit, we recruited 18- through 56-year-old (N = 497) women who identified as African American, white, Asian, Hispanic/Latina, or more than one of these (multiracial). This will help you and the rest of the class build and create a source evidence for future essays. Participant Characteristics and Study Indicator Descriptives by Race and Ethnicity (N = 497). For multiracial women, attempting to vacillate between two different standards of beauty is both complicated and impossible, as one cannot be both waifish and thick, be both porcelain-skinned and tan, and so on. The current study aims to better understand body image among women who identify as African American, white, Asian American, Latina, and multiracial by seeking to answer two research questions: (1) How do favorite and least favorite body parts vary by race and ethnicity and (2) how do body appreciation, skin tone satisfaction, body size, and weight perception vary by race and ethnicity? Conversely, women across all racial and ethnic groups reported that their least favorite physical characteristic was their stomach and abs. We ran a series of analyses of variance, analyses of covariance (ANCOVA), and chi-square analyses to determine whether our sample differed by race and ethnicity for the following variables: body size, body appreciation, skin tone satisfaction, and weight perception. Race may also be identified as something you inherit while ethnicity is something you learn. It is important to note, however, that African American women scored the second highest. In fact, it seems critical for future body image studies to include variables related to physical characteristics (for example, hair, lips, eye color) to more comprehensively understand the lived reality of all women. Data were not weighted. Reasons for this include an increasingly thin societal beauty ideal (Tiggemann, 2011) and a greater internalization of media influence to meet Eurocentric standards of beauty (Rucker & Cash, 1992). An exploration of inter-ethnic ideal body size comparisons among college women, The roles of ethnicity and culture in the development of eating disturbance and body dissatisfaction: A meta-analytic review, “But I like my body”: Positive body image characteristics and a holistic model for young-adult women, Ethnic differences in BMI and body/self-dissatisfaction among whites, Asian subgroups, Pacific Islanders, and African-Americans, © 2019 National Association of Social Workers, This article is published and distributed under the terms of the Oxford University Press, Standard Journals Publication Model (, Spirituality and Religion in Leading Social Work Journals: A 10-Year Content Analysis, Social Exclusion among African Immigrants in the United States, Conducting Research with Families of Infants Born with Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome: Recommendations from Rural Appalachia, Congregations Serving Homeless Populations: Examining Predictive Factors and Policy Implications, Wood-Barcalow, Tylka, & Augustus-Horvath, 2010, Kronenfeld, Reba-Harrelson, Von Holle, Reyes, & Bulik, 2010, Ricciardelli, McCabe, Williams, and Thompson (2007), Siegel, Yancey, Aneshensel, & Schuler, 1999, Cachelin, Veisel, Barzegarnazari, & Striegel-Moore, 2000. Participants who were eligible were then shown the consent form, after which they chose whether to participate. The Sociology of Race, Nationality, and Ethnicity. The Open Journal of Occupational Therapy Volume 2 Issue 3Summer 2014 Article 1 7-1-2014 Questions about Race as a Research Variable Diane Powers Dirette Western Michigan University, ot-ojot@wmich.edu Follow this and additional works at:https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/ojot These finding are consistent with decades of past literature that document women’s dissatisfaction with their body size and shape (Fiske, Fallon, Blissmer, & Redding, 2014; Grabe & Hyde, 2006). African Americans and Latinos make up 30% of the U.S. population but account for less than 10% of participants in genetic studies . This is true even though researchers who get NIH funding have been required since 1993 to report race, ethnicity, and gender of participants in their biomedical research. Specifically, we made four predictions: (1) Racially marginalized women would rate specific body parts (hair, eyes, smile, and so on) higher than white women due to their tendency to place value on non–body size or weight characteristics (Cash & Smolak, 2011). . Without both considerations, we may never achieve a holistic understanding of the embodied experiences of all women. Virginia Ramseyer Winter, PhD, is assistant professor, School of Social Work, University of Missouri, 705 Clark Hall, Columbia, MO 65211; e-mail: ramseyerwinterv@missouri.edu. Even as we work to build a nation that reflects those ideals, there are challenges to living into its fullest expression. Some forms ask for “race and ethnic background”, or avoid using those words entirely, as a possible 2020 U.S. Census question below suggests: Possible 2020 census question… . (, Webb, J. Whereas some research shows that this population reports greater overall body satisfaction than non-Hispanic/Latina white women (Barry & Grilo, 2002), others report that body satisfaction and appreciation levels between these two groups are comparable (Demarest & Allen, 2000; Kronenfeld et al., 2010; Schooler & Lowry, 2011) and that Hispanic/Latina women desire to be taller, thinner, and have longer hair (Altabe, 1998). Abrams, K. K., Allen, L. R., & Gray, J. J. I am attempting to frame the meaning of the question or discussion that I want you to have. The five questions discussed are aimed at consumers of research, but rigorous standards are also needed for those carrying out studies on ethnicity and health. The status of the concepts of 'race … I am attempting to frame the meaning of the question or discussion that I want you to have. 2014). To recruit a diverse sample, we posted the survey link to subreddits that specifically related to women of color. (2) White women would have the lowest levels of body appreciation and would report being least satisfied with their body size. Follow the lead set by the U.S. Census Bureau and other government institutions when using this demographic question. Specifically, black women reported the highest mean BMI while also reporting the highest body appreciation evaluation, although there were no significant differences in body appreciation between groups. 12-17 years old 3. Race, nationality, and ethnicity are some of the most written about subjects in sociology. Conversely, Asian women reported the lowest mean BMI. (n.d.). Results indicate that eye color was the favorite physical characteristic for white women, whereas lip thickness was the favorite for black and multiracial women. . We recruited participants through Reddit (http://reddit.com), an online bulletin board that offers thousands of subreddits, which are online bulletin boards by topic area. It is not clear how body size affects Asian American women’s body image. Others demonstrate that African American and white women prefer a similar ideal silhouette size and shape (Powell & Kahn, 1995) and that weight is directly correlated with body satisfaction for African American women but not for white women (Abrams et al., 1993). The current study contributes to a growing body of research that calls for a broader measure of body image to fully understand the complexity of body image for all women, including women of color. Studies continue to examine body image issues among women of color using measures that have been developed and validated with predominately white samples. The nationally representative survey of 6,637 adults was conducted online Jan. 22-Feb. 5, 2019, in English and Spanish, using Pew Research Center’s American Trends Panel. Participants clicked on the link to the study and were taken to three questions to determine their eligibility. A meta-analytic review, Journal of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, Body images, body‐size perceptions, and eating behaviors among African‐American and white college women, Body dissatisfaction in women across the lifespan: Results of the UNC‐SELF and gender and body image (GABI) studies, Eating attitudes and body image of Asian and Caucasian college women, Is big really beautiful? NIH guidelines allow patients to select more than one “racial designation”; approximately 1 in 5 Americans identifies as multiracial, increasing the difficulty of making clear distinctions in research. In addition, findings further demonstrate the need for researchers and practitioners to include aspects of physical appearance aside from body size and shape in measurement of body image of women of color. Danielle Pevehouse-Pfeiffer, MSW, is case manager, Care Coordination, University of Missouri Hospital, Columbia. As this is a sensitive question, we need to be clear about why we’re asking it and what the data will be used for as part of our usual good practice on collecting personal information from users. Results showed that the majority of women from all racial and ethnic groups perceived themselves as being overweight (either slightly or very). (5) There would be no differences in weight perception across racial and ethnic groups, and participants would rate their hips, abdomen, or thighs as their least favorite body part due to a thin but toned ideal constantly presented in western media (Markula, 1995). Ethnicity. Race and ethnicity are used to categorize certain sections of the population. Although Ricciardelli, McCabe, Williams, and Thompson (2007) found that multiracial men engage in similar rates of disordered eating as white and African American men, their research did not include women and did not measure body image. (3) Black women would have the highest level of body appreciation and would report to be more satisfied with their body size when compared with reports of participants in other racial or ethnic categories. Such features may serve as buffers against body dissatisfaction for women of color, which may in turn protect women from eating disorders and other negative psychological health outcomes. However, Asian American women experience similar levels of dissatisfaction to those of white women regarding body size (Yates et al., 2004) and are more afraid to gain weight than white women (Sanders & Heiss, 1998). In addition, given the dearth of research on body image issues within racial and ethnic minorities, qualitative studies using in-depth interviews should be conducted to investigate the influence of culturally relevant physical characteristics on how racial and ethnic minority women view their bodies. Research. As such, it is likely that many social work clients are affected by body image concerns. For example, we posted to /r/blackladies and /r/asianamerican subreddits. Unknown: Select this category if the patient is unable to physically respond, there is no available family member or caregiver to respond for the patient, or if for any reason, the demographic portion of Conversations are significant, but often overlooked cultural sites where attitudes, beliefs, and values about race are both reified and challenged. Question: Race And Ethnicity. In part this reflects the poor analytical standards. Researching `Race' and Ethnicity provides an innovative discussion of the methodological, epistemological and ethical challenges of doing qualitative research that is informed by questions of `race', ethnicity and social difference. The favorite body part was eye color for white women (40.9%, n = 56), lip thickness for black (38.9%, n = 37) and multiracial (34.9%, n = 30) women, and hair overall for Latina (44.6%, n = 29) and Asian American women (40.4%; n = 46). Antoinette Landor, PhD, is assistant professor, Department of Human Development and Family Science, University of Missouri, Columbia. In addition, the majority of women in western society are dissatisfied with their body (Runfola et al., 2013). Lack of diverse body image research makes creating training and providing tools to practitioners nearly impossible, perpetuating the continued gap in knowledge surrounding body image’s effect on clients across cultures, which according to the social work guidelines is unethical. Researching `Race' and Ethnicity provides an innovative discussion of the methodological, epistemological and ethical challenges of doing qualitative research that is informed by questions of `race', ethnicity and social difference. Individually, the associated characteristic of each may generally maybe identifiable and understood. Based on the notion that women of color are buffered from body image concerns, social work practitioners may choose not to discuss body image issues with these women. 2015 roundup of research on race and ethnicity in the United States, and how self-identification and identification by others can vary depending on personal and societal factors. JAMA improved the reporting of these factors by implementing a … Findings demonstrate that standards of beauty are general to all women but also unique to women of color as results show that traditional body image concerns (for example, body size and shape) are not exclusive features on which women of color evaluate themselves and are evaluated by others. Consistent with past research, we found that white women reported the lowest body appreciation (Grabe & Hyde, 2006). Overall body size was the second least favorite physical characteristic for all women, except for black women, who rated overall body size as their third least favorite physical characteristic. The goal of this essay is to offer a critical look at the past 40 years of research on race, ethnicity, immigration, and leisure and to pose some provocative questions about the … . The report was subjected to a peer-review. Two important issues in the debate are a) should the (esp., race) question even be asked? 4. While holding BMI constant, body appreciation did not vary significantly by race and ethnicity [F(4, 471) = 0.78, p = .547]. This research also highlights the need to continue to explore the various body image concerns for all racial and ethnic groups rather than painting with a broad brush. As a professional team, we at Topics Mill know how important it is for many students to get help with their academic studies, and probably the most critical need is having to find and choose the best Race and Ethnicity Topics before starting to work on all the writing and reading needed for an assignment. This is a general question wrapped into three questions. In fact, according to a 2006 meta-analysis, there are no significant differences in body image or satisfaction between Hispanic/Latina and non-Hispanic/Latina white women (Grabe & Hyde, 2006). These findings suggest that past research has only focused on women’s appreciation of features they seem to like the least. The effectiveness of a fire department is influenced by many factors including its culture and Leadership. Also check our tips on how to write a research paper, see the lists of research paper topics, and browse research paper examples. Age: What is your age? (, Ricciardelli, L. A., McCabe, M. P., Williams, R. J., & Thompson, J. K. (, Roberts, A., Cash, T. F., Feingold, A., & Johnson, B. T. (, Runfola, C. D., Von Holle, A., Trace, S. E., Brownley, K. A., Hofmeier, S. M., Gagne, D. A., & Bulik, C. M. (, Sanderson, S., Lupinski, K., & Moch, P. (, Siegel, J. M., Yancey, A. K., Aneshensel, C. S., & Schuler, R. (, Stice, E., Killen, J. D., Hayward, C., & Taylor, C. B. When split by race and ethnicity, reliability analyses revealed high reliability for each of the race groups in the current study: white (α = .92), black (α = .93), Latina (α = .91), Asian (α = .93), and multiracial (α = .91). For example, although many Hispanic/Latina individuals value curvy bodies, large breasts, rounded derrieres, and a generally “thick” body shape (Goodman, 2002; Schooler & Lowry, 2011), there is more body policing and weight management practices (for example, food restriction) in Hispanic/Latina families when compared with those among other races or ethnicities (Schooler & Lowry, 2011). African Americans and Latinos make up 30% of the U.S. population but account for less than 10% of … Two important issues in the debate are a) should the (esp., race) question even be asked? A person’s ethnicity or culture may influence his/her responses to survey questions. Introduction. Answers may be influenced by the respondents’ experiences with the survey topic. 'Race' and 'ethnicity' are increasingly being used as variables in health research. The danger in this approach is that it leaves out more salient culturally relevant features that are seen as attributes for women of color. Reason for Changing the Standards Responding to growing criticism that the 1977 racial and ethnic standards did not reflect the diversity of the nation’s current population, the OMB initiated a comprehensive review in 1993. Unknown: Select this category if the patient is unable to physically respond, there is no available family member or caregiver to respond for the patient, or if for any reason, the demographic portion of Racism and ethnicity are one of the social evils that pose a big danger to the society. Although this article explores body image by race and ethnicity in much more depth than most, it is important to note that we were unable to account for diversity within heterogeneous racial and ethnic groups. Research demonstrates that this group of women report similar levels of body dissatisfaction as white women (Grabe & Hyde, 2006) due to discontentment with weight and body shape (Altabe, 1998; Iyer & Haslam, 2003) and unhappiness with racially distinctive features (for example, eye shape, eyelid size, face shape, and nose shape) (Evans & McConnell, 2003; Mintz & Kashubeck, 1999). This conflict is important to note. 1. B., Warren-Findlow, J., Chou, Y. Y., & Adams, L. (, Wildes, J. E., Emery, R. E., & Simons, A. D. (, Wood-Barcalow, N., Tylka, T. L., & Augustus-Horvath, C. L. (, Yates, A., Edman, J., & Aruguete, M. (, Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. Canaday and Meyer argue that women openly and loudly resisted the military’s attempt to silence and court martial them out of the service. Defining ethnic groups may imply a greater homogeneity among peoples than exists. This is largely due to the fact that race and ethnicity are social constructs rather than based on any science. But because body image is known to change across the life span (Cotter et al., 2015), comprehensive research surrounding age trends among women from diverse racial backgrounds is needed. Studies that increase understanding of how body image affects historically underresearched races and ethnicities is imperative to moving body image research forward in a way that is culturally competent. Race and ethnicity are commonly reported variables in biomedical research, but how they were determined is often not described and the rationale for analyzing them is often not provided. Census Bureau Research on Race Ethnicity for the 2020 Census. (, Lau, A. S., Lum, S. K., Chronister, K. M., & Forrest, L. (, National Association of Social Workers. Participants who responded with more than one race or ethnicity were categorized at multiracial. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. Week 9: What do lesbian see that gay men don’t seem to? However, studies have been mainly descriptive and have not been used to develop and evaluate strategies to improve health care. Response options included hair (overall, not one specific thing about your hair); hair color; hairstyle; hair texture; eyes overall (not one specific thing about your eyes); eye color; eye shape; eye lid; face; smile; lip thickness; dimples; nose overall (not one specific thing about your nose); nose width; neck; skin tone; freckles; muscles; height; overall body size (not one specific part of your body); overall body shape (not one specific part of your body); arms (overall, not one specific part of your arms); hands (overall, not one specific part of your hands); fingers; fingernails; shoulders; breasts; chest; waist; stomach/abs; back; hips; butt (overall); butt size; butt shape; vulva (the outside of female genitals); legs (overall, not one specific part of your legs); thighs; calves; ankles; feet (overall, not one specific part of your feet); size of feet; toes; toenails; tattoos and/or piercings; I do not like any parts of my body (for the former question only); and I do not dislike anything about my body (for the latter question only). 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