With the possibility of the. Copyright © 2021 International Churchill Society. ... Churchill … The lady surmised correctly. Alan Brooke: Churchill's Right-Hand Critic: A Reappraisal of Lord Alanbrooke by Andrew Sangster. Moran’s book was not the first memoir to cast Churchill in a less than noble light. But he also has nothing to say about the early 1943 Casablanca trip and its “Unconditional Surrender” declaration, which concerned Eisenhower, Churchill, and others during the war and later became the subject of books.15 There is nothing about concentration camps or genocide, nor on the contentious plan by the U.S. Treasury Secretary to “pastoralize” postwar Germany. There are only three days when he mentions the strategic concept, which envisioned landing near Trieste and marching northwest into Slovenia, skirting the highest Alps, entering the Danube Valley, and reaching Vienna. The first is bureaucratic: there was a civilian Secretary of State for War who outranked Alanbrooke, but this personage, Sir Percy James Grigg, appears remarkably uninfluential on war policy and was utterly ignored by war historians. 'As I had to share every one of these meals with him,' adds the CIGS, 'and as they were all washed down with champagne and brandy, it became a little trying to the constitution.'. meeting Winston sent for us. With a mind as well equipped as any staff officer's in the world, a character built firmly on the foundations of Ulster steadfastness, and a nature that, though outwardly rigid, inwardly comprehended Churchill's idiosyncrasies, he could say No to schemes that were not possible, and at the same timeâsuch was his transparent sincerityâretain the Prime Minister's confidence and friendship. Intelligence reports differed as to whether Axis armor was transiting the Dresden area, before or after its leveling. The title of Field Marshal was earned in January 1944. He thanks Drs. As the "Master of Strategy", the man Churchill had implored to become Britain's senior soldier, Alanbrooke was the repository of all the most important wartime secrets. 10. . An overworked CIGS, thrilled by the prospect of several days of quiet fishing, is thunderstruck to see the Prime Minister and a colonel amble out of the woods. !Acre clearly than anyone, he realised our many military weaknesses. How worth while it was to put up with all the great man's faults when they were counterbalanced by these essential gifts! We are told of Churchill’s “black dog” but we are not told the words don’t appear in this diary. Deprived of the crown of his military career, impeded in the conduct of his military strategy, August 15, 1942, was a very black day in Alanbrooke's life. Mark Jacobsen, Larry P. Arnn, and Patrick Garrity for their improvements to this essay. There are several intriguing omissions. Knowing the Generalissimo's proclivities and be- ing painfully aware of the fact that Spain was a German semi-occupied country, my answer was that his attitude would depend upon what hap- pened in the first few days after the landing. There are at least three reasons for this. Britain’s highest-ranking army officer, he was the closest military adviser to Prime Minister Winston S. Churchill. There was then no one to say it. Encounters with birds often merited a sentence from this serious ornithologist and hunter. Some say Churchill’s celebrated war memoirs did not adequately praise Alanbrooke. Download Image of Winston Churchill and General Sir Alan Brooke, Chief of the Imperial General Staff, on the bridge of HMS KELVIN during a visit to Normandy, 12 June 1944. Prime Minister Churchill Foreign Secretary Halifax In May 1940, during the Second World War, the British war cabinet was split on the question of whether to make terms with Nazi Germany or to continue hostilities. Field Marshal Sir Alan Francis Brooke, 1st Viscount Alanbrooke, KG, GCB, OM, GCVO, DSO & Bar (23 July 1883 – 17 June 1963), was a senior commander in the British Army.He was the Chief of the Imperial General Staff during the Second World War, and was promoted to Field Marshal in 1944. Which of them imagined that it would be funny to follow up their twelve well-composed pages on “The Cast”—mini-biographies of important figures like Molotov, Harriman, Eden, and Attlee—with similar paragraphs in the same typeface on five of the wild birds mentioned by Alanbrooke? An important consequence of Alanbrooke’s approach was to slow down the Americans, and even Mr. Churchill, from too early a launch of the cross-Channel invasion.8 The Prime Minister’s ugly memories of the inadequate landings in World War I at the Dardanelles have often been mentioned as the reason he slowed down the Americans; these diaries depict Alanbrooke as even more cautious, slowing down Churchill. Both emphasized Mediterranean operations, where British and Allied troops retook North Africa, Sicily, and southern Italy. For just as he had an eye that was celebrated in the world of bird-watchers, so his expert mind missed nothing of any importance in the war. How well I remember the sittings of the War Cabinet during the depressing months between August, 1939, and the summer of 1940! Alanbrooke’s diaries are remarkably silent about most of the many things these two war horses agreed about. Both felt in 1943 and 1944 that Alexander’s army in Italy was neglected and condemned to fighting without real offensive power by various Pacific ventures and the unnecessary plan to invade southern France (Dragoon). The book tells how for four years they faced together a long series of searching problems that might well have broken up, the duumvirate, but how, in spite of apparent incom- patibility of temper, their discords were trans- muted in the end into an impressive harmony that would never have been possible if either of them had merely said Yes to the other. 15. he saw how fundamentally weak was the French army. His story is all the more striking as it runs on continuously without long documents to hold it up, or any attempts at self-defence to give it the impression of partiality. A successful general and a veteran of the Napoleonic wars, the Prussian Clausewitz, in his famous book, On War, warned officers that all war operations are to some degree permeated by political factors. Easily visible on secure plinths above all swirls or pettiness are two heroes. Time after time Alanbrooke had to insist upon the difficulties and dangers of these wanderings from the central path. It ensured that the ground between the enemy's trench lines was covered and minimized the amount of exposure by advancing infantry to machinegun fire. More than once I had been brought to London to give my views as to what was likely to happen in Spain if the Allies landed on the African coast. This he accom- plished by sending her a series of tiny notebooks, each under lock and key, containing without any thought of style or effect, his innermost thoughts upon the course of the war. Members may purchase the book for $28 from The Churchill Center Book Club, PO Box 385, Contoocook NH 03229. He is commonly considered the greatest CIGS in the history of the British Army. For instead of wish- ing to exploit the victories of Alexander and Montgomery for a swift campaign on the Italian mainland, they drifted back to the conception of a self-contained operation that would end at the toe of Italy, or at most at the Foggia aerodrome on the western coast. During World War I, Brooke was commanding Canadian and Indian artillery units on the western front. In this matter, Winston Churchill was Clausewitzean and well ahead of Alanbrooke. To wean hint away from these wilder plans required superhuman efforts and was never entirely successful in so far as he tended to return to these again and again. It was not, therefore, any surprise to me when, on August 13, General Castellano, the head of the military department of Marshal Badoglio's Chief of Staff, broke in upon me one hot Sunday morning and offered me the capitulation of the Italian army. One is a first-class general, probably the best Chief of Imperial General Staff Britain ever knew. Share on Twitter Alanbrooke is the brains behind the Allied victory in WWII, according to these diaries. But in this latter case their differences were finally settled by frank and often fierce argument, rather than by the devious expedients to which Lloyd George had such frequent recourse. It is unseemly to be overly fascinated by the diaries’ underside. The critics of an Italian cam- paign could no longer maintain that Italy was a blind alley. No one has doubted that Alanbrooke himself had a strong sense for military strategy. Our best and newest battleship, the Prince of Wales, and one of our only two battle cruisers, the Repulse, had been sunk by the Japanese, and Singapore, the key to our Far Eastern power, had fallen almost before the world realised that it was threatened. Questions such as these were apt to irritate Churchill's 'impetuous nature.' As soon as he left me, my staff and I coded a most urgent telegram to London. Gort, the Commander-in-Chief in France, the French Staff, and most notably, Hitler himself, were all agreed upon this. Of Germans he was usually an astute judge: of when they would move on Belgium and Holland; when they might strike East at “Russia” (as he and Churchill invariably called the USSR); and how Hitler would sequence the use of air bombing and amphibious forces against England. It was in this respect that he had so marked an advantage over his pre- decessor, Neville Chamberlain. Jun. Both believed Germany must be defeated before Japan. In November 1941 Churchill selected him as Chief of the Imperial General Staff, and from that moment he became indispensable in Whitehall, the one man who could never be spared for the more spectacular feats of war on the battlefield which he longed to undertake.Alanbrooke was the master strategist of the British military effort. He therefore looked forward to taking command of the Allied invasion of Western Europe, a post Brooke believed he […] Churchill, revived by art after-luncheon siesta, wished to work through the night. There never has been a modern war in which the politicians and the soldiers have not had their acute differences. Where should be the first step in this grand strategy? This second evacuation he carried out no less successfully than the first, with the result that a further 140,000 British troops were rescued. He published them in response to Churchill's self-glorification in his history of WWII. There is also remarkably little about Dresden in the official British or American strategic bombing surveys; Christopher C. Harmon, “Are We Beasts?” Churchill and the Moral Question of World War II “Area Bombing,”Newport Papers #1 (Newport, RI: Center for Naval Warfare Studies, Dec. 1991). Examples include snatching Greek islands and liberating Norway. In the inevitable confusion of the forced march to the coast, he found him not only confident, but optimistic, and driving a herd of horned cattle before his retreating units in order to make sure that he could feed his men. By JUSTIN D. LYONS. Professional head of the British Army and Churchill’s foremost advosor". However, he received me as soon as he came out, looking like a Ruman Centurion with nothing on except a large bath-towel draped round him. Typical of such interventions are words of 30 August 1943: after strong criticism of Churchill, he reflects that future historians will have trouble squaring such failings with this man of “…most marvelous qualities and superhuman genius….”18, On VE Day, as a happy mob filled London, Alanbrooke and other senior leaders were received at Buckingham Palace. Despite this crucial role, he is very little known compared to military commanders such as Montgomery, Alexander, Slim, Mountbatten, Patton, or Eisenhower. Read anew, however, the entries seem to show that it was the strains and storms of war—more than Winston Churchill—that made these times so hard on Alanbrooke, whose utter exhaustion seeps through his prose. The war leadership of Britain was not conducted by Churchill, but by a strange commander-cum-military manager hybrid called Churchill-Alanbrooke. As corps commander, Brooke had a pessimistic view of the Allies' chances of countering a German offensive. For most of the Second World War, General Sir Alan Brooke (1883–1963), later Field Marshal Lord Alanbrooke, was Britain's Chief of the Imperial General Staff (CIGS) and Winston Churchill's principal military adviser, and antagonist, in the inner councils of war. Churchill’s “black dog” of depression was a pup compared to Alanbrooke’s. My statement about Churchill does not apply to his WW2 history, but to his papers of the years specified and held in The Churchill Archives Centre at Churchill College, Cambridge. The result is an account of the war between 1939 and 1943 as enthralling as anything that has yet been published, whilst from it emerge in impres- sionist colours the contrasting figures of the Prime Minister and the Chief of the Imperial General Staff. The Prime Minister's odd habits were an essential part of his personality. Despite this crucial role, he is very little known compared to military commanders such as Montgomery, Alexander, Slim, Mountbatten, Patton, or Eisenhower. Alanbrooke, left to himself, would have kept to the early hours and conven- tional fare of a family home. Here is another example taken from the diary of March 24, 1943: During the meeting the P.M. sent for me. But we were a moribund government and nearing our constitutional end. Diaries, p. 685. 'I don't know how he is going to get on with Winston,' said his hosteis just after Alanbrooke had succeeded Ironside, 'but he spent all the afternoon on the sofa, and seemed all the time to be saying, "No, no, Sir, you can't."' By LORD TEMPLEWOOD C IR ARTHUR BRYANT is a past master at dealing °with famous diaries. Several shots of Churchill, Monty and several other officers inspecting bombed bridge. Alanbrooke gives Stalin reserved expressions of admiration—very defensible if one writes only as an analyst of strategy, and only about the years after 1941. meeting to decide our plan of action for the Combined C.O.S. 450, 532, 515; see also 521. A new biography of Lord Alanbrooke, following his life from childhood through to his role as Chief Imperial General Staff, shaping Allied strategy in World War II. “He literally knows nothing of the requirements of a commander in action,” wrote Alanbrooke: “…a very, very limited brain from a strategic point of view.”3, More upsetting, at least to the British, battle-hardened UK officers are equally inept at strategy. My God how tired I am of working for him.”6. What about a secondary theater like India? The few hairs were then brushed and finally sprayed direct. They applauded his particular turns and expected them on every great occasion. Perhaps, however, it is worth supplement- ing his account of the Quebec Conference, at which these discussions took place over the Italian campaign, with a note about one of my telegrams from Madrid that seems to have had so con- siderable an effect upon the Conference. As chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee, Brooke was the foremost military advisor to Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and in the role of co-ordinator of the British military efforts was an extremely important but not always well-known contributor to the Allies' victory in 1945. He has an unfortunate trick of pick- ing up some isolated operation, and without ever really having it looked into, setting his heart on it. Three pages after the story about the fish that got away, Alanbrooke states that not for anything on earth would he have missed the chance to work for Churchill.23. They met at a critical moment. Among other Churchill cronies Alanbrooke cordially resented were Brendan Bracken, Admiral Sir Roger Keyes, and scientific adviser Frederick Lindemann. Torch went well for the first few days, and as the result Franco did not intervene against us. Churchill stood out as the inspiring leader of a more active policy. Thanks to these little volumes, we can follow in the most intimate way the hopes and fears of the man who saved the remnants of the British Army in 1940, who was mainly responsible for the higher strategy of the war in 1941 and 1942, and who was three times offered by the Prime Minister the highest com- mands in the field, including the command of Overlord, the culminating invasion of France. Introduction to the Diaries, p. xxiv. Without its air- field, air cover for the Allies would have been impossible. It was this telegram that Churchill produced at Quebec. 02. There is nothing in the Diaries except a late, vague reference at p. 703. For Lord Alanbrooke has left a day-to-day account of his impressions that was not originally intended for publication. The criticism is a fair one, but it should never be forgotten that it was Gott's decision, made on May 25, 1940, to march his divisions to the coast that made possible the Dunkirk evacuation. Which of the following most accurately describes the problem? What then followed will form one of the main subjects of the next volume of Alanbrooke's notes. Each of the many little books making up this diary was illegal; top secrets dripped from all; any would have been a prize for an Axis intelligence officer. The British were pumping considerable military aid into Turkey, but when he attended a high-level covert visit to Adana in early 1943, Alanbrooke showed only modest interest in Turkish collaboration. Alanbrooke's main tasks was to warn the ' Prime Minister off dangerous courses, and to induce him to concentrate his unique powers upon what really mattered. A longtime friend told him: “I watched you getting into your car this morning from the window with a crowd looking at you, and none of them realizing that beside them was the man who had probably done most to win the war against Germany… [But] I do, and lots of people do….” Alanbrooke records this with gratitude and then deftly adds: “[T]he public has never understood what the Chiefs of Staff have been doing in the running of the war. Of Montgomery's resource- fulness, Alanbrooke gives a picturesque example. Penned for his wife, ostensibly with no intent of publication, the diaries were a steam vent for dealing with pressure. Unlike Churchill, he had no stage properties or special tricks for exciting and hold- ing the public's support. Free for commercial use, no attribution required. On the one hand, there was Churchill, rejoicing in the extent of his military knowledge, stimulated by an inspiring imagination of almost boundless scope, blessed with a constitution that ignored all the conven- tional precautions of weaker men and gained strength from the superhuman strains that he put on it; on the other hand, there was Alanbrooke's reserved nature, his passion for detail, his con- viction that the war could never be won by any diversion of effort. 659-68; my copy was courtesy of Mr. Mark Whisler. Italian army coming over to us, and the way through Italy being left open, the picture looked very different even to the American staffs. In any case, the partnership worked marvellously. Gibraltar, our last foothold on the Continent, was of vital importance to Torch. Share on Facebook When I drew his attention to the fact that when he put his left foot down, he should know where the right foot was going to, he shook his fist in my face, saying: do not want any of, your long time projects, they cripple initiative.'. He is commonly considered the greatest CIGS in the history of the British Army. He was known for self-control, power, and determination; but writing privately, in late hours of interminable days, Alanbrooke permitted himself anger, fatigue, and despair. . Churchill for his part clearly held him in great respect. Field Marshal Lord Alanbrooke, War Diaries, 1939-1945, eds. Readers might expect any edition of a historical figure’s private diaries to be a little too generous to their subject. He was sceptical of the quality and determination of the French Army, a… masters in their own house. The only right course to pursue at the time was to build up our grow- ing strength and avoid any premature adven- tures. The main protagonists were the prime minister, Winston Churchill, and the foreign secretary, Viscount Halifax. And yet they had to be forced on him time after time. Alanbrooke thought him a prince, but this could be in part because Grigg kindly left him alone. When Churchill was Chancellor of the Exchequer, he came to know Grigg, a proficient civil servant, and may have made him Secretary of State for War to handle the finances of that department while the P.M./Defence Minister managed the larger matters. Incidents such as these add up to something more than bright gossip. Or the persistent belief in the American naval staff that only the Pacific really mattered? The news [this is Sir Arthur Bryant's comment] had arrived at a most dramatic moment. The other, looming even larger, is a soldier-turned-statesman, who probably saved the West. Then it appeared on a January 1945 short list of cities in the way of the advancing Red Army. They observe that the diary was a tool for Alanbrooke’s “recovering possession of himself” and soldiering on into another day. Field Marshal Alanbrooke published his own day-by-day dairy nine years earlier. But in the Diaries, Dresden appears only once: two months after the firestorm made by British and American bombers, on 20 April 1945, Alanbrooke wrote that “The Russians are now moving properly and it should not be long before we meet up with them on the Berlin-Dresden front.” In length and meaning, this quiet sentence carries the full view of most military men working over maps at the time. The year of the so-called 'phoney war' had just ended. Media magnate Lord Beaverbrook, a long-time adviser to Churchill, is derided as a political hack whose interventions in cabinet are self-interested and slippery—almost devilish. Finally trousers, waistcoat and coat, and meanwhile he rippled on the whole time about Monty's battle and our proposed visit to North Africa. There came a day at the Quebec Conference when it looked as if Alanbrooke was defeated. 249, 360; hereinafter Diaries. When the Soviets surprisingly support the Gap proposal in February 1945, Alanbrooke writes with relief that he was able to suppress further discussion!13 The Ljubljana Gap proposal was thus another case in which the Prime Minister yielded to his generals. If you continue to use this website then you must agree to the terms set out in our Privacy Policy. Alan Francis Brooke1 served for five years as Chief of the Imperial General Staff. Lord Alanbrooke was Churchill's right-hand man during World War II, and as Chief of the Imperial General Staff he had an integral part in shaping the strategy of Britain and the Allies. The opposition weakened and a decision was reached for certain specified land- ings on the Italian mainland. The International Churchill Society (ICS), founded in 1968 shortly after Churchill's death, is the world’s preeminent member organisation dedicated to preserving the historic legacy of Sir Winston Churchill. Inevitably the new edition renews British attentions to the differences between the Field Marshal and Prime Minister. Alanbrooke, or as he then was, Sir Alan ⢠Brooke, first as an Army Corps Commander in France, then as Chief of the Imperial General Staff, and finally as Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee, was able to watch from the best possible observation post every phase of the struggle. He thought he was saving Britain from wild variants of harebrained strategies. Danchev & Todman, introduction, p. xviii. The tide of battle has turned in our favour, but the wave of victory will still be slow in arriving. Danchev and Todman do not adequately address the character of the “restored” materials in the diaries. 207, 590. Arguing, testing and debating were part of proper civilian oversight. . The campaign was allowed to con- tinue, and every German division that Hitler threw into Italy meant one fewer in the final act of German resistance in the west. Since Churchill himself drank daily, it is surprising that there are only three or four places where the diary criticizes his practice, while three other personages are labeled outright drunks: American Admiral King, Australian Commander in Chief General Blarney, and senior Soviet General Voroshilov. 2020. Easily visible, on secure plinths above all swirls of pettiness, are two heroes. “Brookie” was Chief of the Imperial General Staff, 1941 - 1946. Winston Churchill is the figure most often poked with Alanbrooke’s pen. These diaries are an important possession and enlightening to read. Probably there is more. 17. First he stepped into a white silk vest, then white silk drawers, and walked up and down the room in this kit looking rather like 'Humpty-Dumpty,' with a large body and small thin legs. P.M. is . 35 Ironically, Moran said Alanbrooke’s work “was taken by Winston’s friends…as an affront to his fame,” and also caught Alanbrooke’s friends by surprise. Alanbrooke was the master strategist of the British military effort. Alanbrooke considered the proposal to be im- practicable, and eventually persuaded the Prime Minister to drop it, and let him go back to the Continent for the sole purpose of extricating the remaining British troops left behind in the centre and south of France. If the Allied fortunes went well, he would not intervene, but if they went badly, he would certainly seize the heaven-sent opportunity to attack Gibraltar and its key airfield. 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